## The AJP Connector

### Table of Contents

- Introduction
- Attributes
  1. Common Attributes
  2. Standard Implementations
  3. Java TCP socket attributes
  4. NIO specific configuration
  5. NIO2 specific configuration
  6. APR/native specific configuration
- Nested Components
- Special Features
  1. Proxy Support
  2. Connector Comparison

### Introduction

Note: The APR/Native AJP Connector is deprecated and will be removed in Tomcat 10.1.x onwards.

The AJP Connector element represents a Connector component that communicates with a web connector via the `AJP` protocol. This is used for cases where you wish to invisibly integrate Tomcat into an existing (or new) Apache installation, and you want Apache to handle the static content contained in the web application, and/or utilize Apache's SSL processing.

Use of the AJP protocol requires additional security considerations because it allows greater direct manipulation of Tomcat's internal data structures than the HTTP connectors. Particular attention should be paid to the values used for the `address`, `secret`, `secretRequired` and `allowedRequestAttributesPattern` attributes.

This connector supports load balancing when used in conjunction with the `jvmRoute` attribute of the Engine.

The native connectors supported with this Tomcat release are:

- JK 1.2.x with any of the supported servers. See the JK docs for details.
- mod_proxy on Apache httpd 2.x (included by default in Apache HTTP Server 2.2), with AJP enabled: see the httpd docs for details.

Other native connectors supporting AJP may work, but are no longer supported.

### Attributes

#### Common Attributes

All implementations of Connector support the following attributes:

Attribute | Description
--- | ---
`ajpFlush` | A boolean value which can be used to enable or disable sending AJP flush messages to the fronting proxy whenever an explicit flush happens. The default value is `true`. An AJP flush message is a SEND_BODY_CHUNK packet with no body content. Proxy implementations like mod_jk or mod_proxy_ajp will flush the data buffered in the web server to the client when they receive such a packet. Setting this to `false` can reduce AJP packet traffic but might delay sending packets to the client. At the end of the response, AJP does always flush to the client.
`allowTrace` | A boolean value which can be used to enable or disable the TRACE HTTP method. If not specified, this attribute is set to false.
`asyncTimeout` | The default timeout for asynchronous requests in milliseconds. If not specified, this attribute is set to the Servlet specification default of 30000 (30 seconds).
`enableLookups` | Set to `true` if you want calls to `request.getRemoteHost()` to perform DNS lookups in order to return the actual host name of the remote client. Set to `false` to skip the DNS lookup and return the IP address in String form instead (thereby improving performance). By default, DNS lookups are disabled.
`encodedSolidusHandling` | When set to `reject` request paths containing a `%2f` sequence will be rejected with a 400 response. When set to `decode` request paths containing a `%2f` sequence will have that sequence decoded to `/` at the same time other `%nn` sequences are decoded. When set to `passthrough` request paths containing a `%2f` sequence will be processed with the `%2f` sequence unchanged. If not specified the default value is `reject`.
`maxHeaderCount` | The maximum number of headers in a request that are allowed by the container. A request that contains more headers than the specified limit will be rejected. A value of less than 0 means no limit. If not specified, a default of 100 is used.
`maxParameterCount` | The maximum number of parameter and value pairs (GET plus POST) which will be automatically parsed by the container. Parameter and value pairs beyond this limit will be ignored. A value of less than 0 means no limit. If not specified, a default of 10000 is used. Note that `FailedRequestFilter` filter can be used to reject requests that hit the limit.
`maxPostSize` | The maximum size in bytes of the POST which will be handled by the container FORM URL parameter parsing. The limit can be disabled by setting this attribute to a value less than zero. If not specified, this attribute is set to 2097152 (2 megabytes). Note that the `FailedRequestFilter` can be used to reject requests that exceed this limit.
`maxSavePostSize` | The maximum size in bytes of the POST which will be saved/buffered by the container during FORM or CLIENT-CERT authentication. For both types of authentication, the POST will be saved/buffered before the user is authenticated. For CLIENT-CERT authentication, the POST is buffered for the duration of the SSL handshake and the buffer emptied when the request is processed. For FORM authentication the POST is saved whilst the user is re-directed to the login form and is retained until the user successfully authenticates or the session associated with the authentication request expires. The limit can be disabled by setting this attribute to -1. Setting the attribute to zero will disable the saving of POST data during authentication. If not specified, this attribute is set to 4096 (4 kilobytes).
`parseBodyMethods` | A comma-separated list of HTTP methods for which request bodies using `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` will be parsed for request parameters identically to POST. This is useful in RESTful applications that want to support POST-style semantics for PUT requests. Note that any setting other than `POST` causes Tomcat to behave in a way that goes against the intent of the servlet specification. The HTTP method TRACE is specifically forbidden here in accordance with the HTTP specification. The default is `POST`
`port` | The TCP port number on which this Connector will create a server socket and await incoming connections. Your operating system will allow only one server application to listen to a particular port number on a particular IP address. If the special value of 0 (zero) is used, then Tomcat will select a free port at random to use for this connector. This is typically only useful in embedded and testing applications.
`protocol` | Sets the protocol to handle incoming traffic. To configure an AJP connector this must be specified. If no value for protocol is provided, an HTTP connector rather than an AJP connector will be configured. The standard protocol value for an AJP connector is `AJP/1.3` which uses a Java NIO based connector. To use an explicit protocol, the following values may be used: `org.apache.coyote.ajp.AjpNioProtocol` - non blocking Java NIO connector. `org.apache.coyote.ajp.AjpNio2Protocol` - non blocking Java NIO2 connector. `org.apache.coyote.ajp.AjpAprProtocol` - the APR/native connector (deprecated - will be removed in 10.1.x). Custom implementations may also be used. Take a look at our Connector Comparison chart.
`proxyName` | If this Connector is being used in a proxy configuration, configure this attribute to specify the server name to be returned for calls to `request.getServerName()`. See Proxy Support for more information.
`proxyPort` | If this Connector is being used in a proxy configuration, configure this attribute to specify the server port to be returned for calls to `request.getServerPort()`. See Proxy Support for more information.
`redirectPort` | If this Connector is supporting non-SSL requests, and a request is received for which a matching `<security-constraint>` requires SSL transport, Catalina will automatically redirect the request to the port number specified here.
`scheme` | Set this attribute to the name of the protocol you wish to have returned by calls to `request.getScheme()`. For example, you would set this attribute to "`https`" for an SSL Connector. The default value is "`http`".
`secure` | Set this attribute to `true` if you wish to have calls to `request.isSecure()` to return `true` for requests received by this Connector. You would want this on an SSL Connector or a non SSL connector that is receiving data from a SSL accelerator, like a crypto card, an SSL appliance or even a webserver. The default value is `false`.
`URIEncoding` | This specifies the character encoding used to decode the URI bytes, after %xx decoding the URL. The default value is `UTF-8`.
`useBodyEncodingForURI` | This specifies if the encoding specified in contentType should be used for URI query parameters, instead of using the URIEncoding. This setting is present for compatibility with Tomcat 4.1.x, where the encoding specified in the contentType, or explicitly set using Request.setCharacterEncoding method was also used for the parameters from the URL. The default value is `false`. Notes: See notes on this attribute in HTTP Connector documentation.
`useIPVHosts` | Set this attribute to `true` to cause Tomcat to use the IP address passed by the native web server to determine the Host to send the request to. The default value is `false`.
`xpoweredBy` | Set this attribute to `true` to cause Tomcat to advertise support for the Servlet specification using the header recommended in the specification. The default value is `false`.

#### Standard Implementations

To use AJP, you must specify the protocol attribute (see above).

The standard AJP connectors (NIO, NIO2 and APR/native) all support the following attributes in addition to the common Connector attributes listed above.

Attribute | Description
--- | ---
`acceptCount` | The maximum length of the operating system provided queue for incoming connection requests when `maxConnections` has been reached. The operating system may ignore this setting and use a different size for the queue. When this queue is full, the operating system may actively refuse additional connections or those connections may time out. The default value is 100.
`acceptorThreadCount` | The number of threads to be used to accept connections. Increase this value on a multi CPU machine, although you would never really need more than `2`. Also, with a lot of non keep alive connections, you might want to increase this value as well. Default value is `1`.
`acceptorThreadPriority` | The priority of the acceptor threads. The threads used to accept new connections. The default value is `5` (the value of the `java.lang.Thread.NORM_PRIORITY` constant). See the JavaDoc for the `java.lang.Thread` class for more details on what this priority means.
`address` | For servers with more than one IP address, this attribute specifies which address will be used for listening on the specified port. By default, the connector will listen on the loopback address. Unless the JVM is configured otherwise using system properties, the Java based connectors (NIO, NIO2) will listen on both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses when configured with either `0.0.0.0` or `::`. The APR/native connector will only listen on IPv4 addresses if configured with `0.0.0.0` and will listen on IPv6 addresses (and optionally IPv4 addresses depending on the setting of ipv6v6only) if configured with `::`.
`allowedRequestAttributesPattern` | The AJP protocol passes some information from the reverse proxy to the AJP connector using request attributes. These attributes are: javax.servlet.request.cipher_suite javax.servlet.request.key_size javax.servlet.request.ssl_session javax.servlet.request.X509Certificate AJP_LOCAL_ADDR AJP_REMOTE_PORT AJP_SSL_PROTOCOL JK_LB_ACTIVATION CERT_ISSUER (IIS only) CERT_SUBJECT (IIS only) CERT_COOKIE (IIS only) HTTPS_SERVER_SUBJECT (IIS only) CERT_FLAGS (IIS only) HTTPS_SECRETKEYSIZE (IIS only) CERT_SERIALNUMBER (IIS only) HTTPS_SERVER_ISSUER (IIS only) HTTPS_KEYSIZE (IIS only) The AJP protocol supports the passing of arbitrary request attributes. Requests containing arbitrary request attributes will be rejected with a 403 response unless the entire attribute name matches this regular expression. If not specified, the default value is `null`.
`bindOnInit` | Controls when the socket used by the connector is bound. By default it is bound when the connector is initiated and unbound when the connector is destroyed. If set to `false`, the socket will be bound when the connector is started and unbound when it is stopped.
`clientCertProvider` | When client certificate information is presented in a form other than instances of `java.security.cert.X509Certificate` it needs to be converted before it can be used and this property controls which JSSE provider is used to perform the conversion. For example it is used with the AJP connectors, the HTTP APR connector and with the org.apache.catalina.valves.SSLValve.If not specified, the default provider will be used.
`connectionLinger` | The number of seconds during which the sockets used by this Connector will linger when they are closed. The default value is `-1` which disables socket linger.
`connectionTimeout` | The number of milliseconds this Connector will wait, after accepting a connection, for the request URI line to be presented. The default value for AJP protocol connectors is `-1` (i.e. infinite).
`executor` | A reference to the name in an Executor element. If this attribute is set, and the named executor exists, the connector will use the executor, and all the other thread attributes will be ignored. Note that if a shared executor is not specified for a connector then the connector will use a private, internal executor to provide the thread pool.
`executorTerminationTimeoutMillis` | The time that the private internal executor will wait for request processing threads to terminate before continuing with the process of stopping the connector. If not set, the default is `5000` (5 seconds).
`keepAliveTimeout` | The number of milliseconds this Connector will wait for another AJP request before closing the connection. The default value is to use the value that has been set for the connectionTimeout attribute.
`maxConnections` | The maximum number of connections that the server will accept and process at any given time. When this number has been reached, the server will accept, but not process, one further connection. This additional connection be blocked until the number of connections being processed falls below maxConnections at which point the server will start accepting and processing new connections again. Note that once the limit has been reached, the operating system may still accept connections based on the `acceptCount` setting. The default value is `8192`. For NIO/NIO2 only, setting the value to -1, will disable the maxConnections feature and connections will not be counted.
`maxCookieCount` | The maximum number of cookies that are permitted for a request. A value of less than zero means no limit. If not specified, a default value of 200 will be used.
`maxThreads` | The maximum number of request processing threads to be created by this Connector, which therefore determines the maximum number of simultaneous requests that can be handled. If not specified, this attribute is set to 200. If an executor is associated with this connector, this attribute is ignored as the connector will execute tasks using the executor rather than an internal thread pool. Note that if an executor is configured any value set for this attribute will be recorded correctly but it will be reported (e.g. via JMX) as `-1` to make clear that it is not used.
`minSpareThreads` | The minimum number of threads always kept running. This includes both active and idle threads. If not specified, the default of `10` is used. If an executor is associated with this connector, this attribute is ignored as the connector will execute tasks using the executor rather than an internal thread pool. Note that if an executor is configured any value set for this attribute will be recorded correctly but it will be reported (e.g. via JMX) as `-1` to make clear that it is not used.
`packetSize` | This attribute sets the maximum AJP packet size in Bytes. The maximum value is 65536. It should be the same as the `max_packet_size` directive configured for mod_jk. Normally it is not necessary to change the maximum packet size. Problems with the default value have been reported when sending certificates or certificate chains. The default value is 8192. If set to less than 8192 then the setting will ignored and the default value of 8192 used.
`processorCache` | The protocol handler caches Processor objects to speed up performance. This setting dictates how many of these objects get cached. `-1` means unlimited, default is `200`. If not using Servlet 3.0 asynchronous processing, a good default is to use the same as the maxThreads setting. If using Servlet 3.0 asynchronous processing, a good default is to use the larger of maxThreads and the maximum number of expected concurrent requests (synchronous and asynchronous).
`secret` | Only requests from workers with this secret keyword will be accepted. The default value is `null`. This attribute must be specified with a non-null, non-zero length value unless secretRequired is explicitly configured to be `false`. If this attribute is configured with a non-null, non-zero length value then the workers must provide a matching value else the request will be rejected irrespective of the setting of secretRequired.
`secretRequired` | If this attribute is `true`, the AJP Connector will only start if the secret attribute is configured with a non-null, non-zero length value. This attribute only controls whether the secret attribute is required to be specified for the AJP Connector to start. It does not control whether workers are required to provide the secret. The default value is `true`. This attribute should only be set to `false` when the Connector is used on a trusted network.
`tcpNoDelay` | If set to `true`, the TCP_NO_DELAY option will be set on the server socket, which improves performance under most circumstances. This is set to `true` by default.
`threadPriority` | The priority of the request processing threads within the JVM. The default value is `5` (the value of the `java.lang.Thread.NORM_PRIORITY` constant). See the JavaDoc for the `java.lang.Thread` class for more details on what this priority means.If an executor is associated with this connector, this attribute is ignored as the connector will execute tasks using the executor rather than an internal thread pool. Note that if an executor is configured any value set for this attribute will be recorded correctly but it will be reported (e.g. via JMX) as `-1` to make clear that it is not used.
`throwOnFailure` | If the Connector experiences an Exception during a Lifecycle transition should the Exception be rethrown or logged? If not specified, the default of `false` will be used. Note that the default can be changed by the `org.apache.catalina.startup.EXIT_ON_INIT_FAILURE` system property.
`tomcatAuthentication` | If set to `true`, the authentication will be done in Tomcat. Otherwise, the authenticated principal will be propagated from the native webserver and used for authorization in Tomcat. The web server must send the user principal (username) as a request attribute named `REMOTE_USER`. Note that this principal will have no roles associated with it. The default value is `true`. If `tomcatAuthorization` is set to `true` this attribute has no effect.
`tomcatAuthorization` | If set to `true`, the authenticated principal will be propagated from the native webserver and considered already authenticated in Tomcat. If the web application has one or more security constraints, authorization will then be performed by Tomcat and roles assigned to the authenticated principal. If the appropriate Tomcat Realm for the request does not recognise the provided user name, a Principal will be still be created but it will have no roles. The default value is `false`.

#### Java TCP socket attributes

The NIO and NIO2 implementation support the following Java TCP socket attributes in addition to the common Connector and HTTP attributes listed above.

Attribute | Description
--- | ---
`socket.rxBufSize` | (int)The socket receive buffer (SO_RCVBUF) size in bytes. JVM default used if not set.
`socket.txBufSize` | (int)The socket send buffer (SO_SNDBUF) size in bytes. JVM default used if not set. Care should be taken if explicitly setting this value. Very poor performance has been observed on some JVMs with values less than ~8k.
`socket.tcpNoDelay` | (bool)This is equivalent to standard attribute tcpNoDelay.
`socket.soKeepAlive` | (bool)Boolean value for the socket's keep alive setting (SO_KEEPALIVE). JVM default used if not set.
`socket.ooBInline` | (bool)Boolean value for the socket OOBINLINE setting. JVM default used if not set.
`socket.soReuseAddress` | (bool)Boolean value for the sockets reuse address option (SO_REUSEADDR). JVM default used if not set.
`socket.soLingerOn` | (bool)Boolean value for the sockets so linger option (SO_LINGER). A value for the standard attribute connectionLinger that is >=0 is equivalent to setting this to `true`. A value for the standard attribute connectionLinger that is <0 is equivalent to setting this to `false`. Both this attribute and `soLingerTime` must be set else the JVM defaults will be used for both.
`socket.soLingerTime` | (int)Value in seconds for the sockets so linger option (SO_LINGER). This is equivalent to standard attribute connectionLinger. Both this attribute and `soLingerOn` must be set else the JVM defaults will be used for both.
`socket.soTimeout` | This is equivalent to standard attribute connectionTimeout.
`socket.performanceConnectionTime` | (int)The first value for the performance settings. See Socket Performance Options All three performance attributes must be set else the JVM defaults will be used for all three.
`socket.performanceLatency` | (int)The second value for the performance settings. See Socket Performance Options All three performance attributes must be set else the JVM defaults will be used for all three.
`socket.performanceBandwidth` | (int)The third value for the performance settings. See Socket Performance Options All three performance attributes must be set else the JVM defaults will be used for all three.
`socket.unlockTimeout` | (int) The timeout for a socket unlock. When a connector is stopped, it will try to release the acceptor thread by opening a connector to itself. The default value is `250` and the value is in milliseconds

#### NIO specific configuration

The following attributes are specific to the NIO connector.

Attribute | Description
--- | ---
`socket.directBuffer` | (bool)Boolean value, whether to use direct ByteBuffers or java mapped ByteBuffers. Default is `false`. When you are using direct buffers, make sure you allocate the appropriate amount of memory for the direct memory space. On Sun's JDK that would be something like `-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=256m`.
`socket.appReadBufSize` | (int)Each connection that is opened up in Tomcat get associated with a read ByteBuffer. This attribute controls the size of this buffer. By default this read buffer is sized at `8192` bytes. For lower concurrency, you can increase this to buffer more data. For an extreme amount of keep alive connections, decrease this number or increase your heap size.
`socket.appWriteBufSize` | (int)Each connection that is opened up in Tomcat get associated with a write ByteBuffer. This attribute controls the size of this buffer. By default this write buffer is sized at `8192` bytes. For low concurrency you can increase this to buffer more response data. For an extreme amount of keep alive connections, decrease this number or increase your heap size. The default value here is pretty low, you should up it if you are not dealing with tens of thousands concurrent connections.
`socket.bufferPool` | (int)The NIO connector uses a class called NioChannel that holds elements linked to a socket. To reduce garbage collection, the NIO connector caches these channel objects. This value specifies the size of this cache. The default value is `500`, and represents that the cache will hold 500 NioChannel objects. Other values are `-1` for unlimited cache and `0` for no cache.
`socket.bufferPoolSize` | (int)The NioChannel pool can also be size based, not used object based. The size is calculated as follows: NioChannel `buffer size = read buffer size + write buffer size` SecureNioChannel `buffer size = application read buffer size + application write buffer size + network read buffer size + network write buffer size` The value is in bytes, the default value is `1024*1024*100` (100MB).
`socket.processorCache` | (int)Tomcat will cache SocketProcessor objects to reduce garbage collection. The integer value specifies how many objects to keep in the cache at most. The default is `500`. Other values are `-1` for unlimited cache and `0` for no cache.
`socket.keyCache` | (int)Tomcat will cache KeyAttachment objects to reduce garbage collection. The integer value specifies how many objects to keep in the cache at most. The default is `500`. Other values are `-1` for unlimited cache and `0` for no cache.
`socket.eventCache` | (int)Tomcat will cache PollerEvent objects to reduce garbage collection. The integer value specifies how many objects to keep in the cache at most. The default is `500`. Other values are `-1` for unlimited cache and `0` for no cache.
`selectorPool.maxSelectors` | (int)The max selectors to be used in the pool, to reduce selector contention. Use this option when the command line `org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorShared` value is set to false. Default value is `200`.
`selectorPool.maxSpareSelectors` | (int)The max spare selectors to be used in the pool, to reduce selector contention. When a selector is returned to the pool, the system can decide to keep it or let it be GC'd. Use this option when the command line `org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorShared` value is set to false. Default value is `-1` (unlimited).
`command-line-options` | The following command line options are available for the NIO connector: `-Dorg.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorShared=true|false` - default is `true`. Set this value to `false` if you wish to use a selector for each thread. When you set it to `false`, you can control the size of the pool of selectors by using the selectorPool.maxSelectors attribute.

#### NIO2 specific configuration

The following attributes are specific to the NIO2 connector.

Attribute | Description
--- | ---
`useCaches` | (bool)Use this attribute to enable or disable object caching to reduce the amount of GC objects produced. The default value is `false`.
`socket.directBuffer` | (bool)Boolean value, whether to use direct ByteBuffers or java mapped ByteBuffers. Default is `false`. When you are using direct buffers, make sure you allocate the appropriate amount of memory for the direct memory space. On Sun's JDK that would be something like `-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=256m`.
`socket.appReadBufSize` | (int)Each connection that is opened up in Tomcat get associated with a read ByteBuffer. This attribute controls the size of this buffer. By default this read buffer is sized at `8192` bytes. For lower concurrency, you can increase this to buffer more data. For an extreme amount of keep alive connections, decrease this number or increase your heap size.
`socket.appWriteBufSize` | (int)Each connection that is opened up in Tomcat get associated with a write ByteBuffer. This attribute controls the size of this buffer. By default this write buffer is sized at `8192` bytes. For low concurrency you can increase this to buffer more response data. For an extreme amount of keep alive connections, decrease this number or increase your heap size. The default value here is pretty low, you should up it if you are not dealing with tens of thousands concurrent connections.
`socket.bufferPoolSize` | (int)The NIO2 connector uses a class called Nio2Channel that holds elements linked to a socket. To reduce garbage collection, the NIO connector caches these channel objects. This value specifies the size of this cache. The default value is `500`, and represents that the cache will hold 500 Nio2Channel objects. Other values are `-1` for unlimited cache and `0` for no cache.
`socket.processorCache` | (int)Tomcat will cache SocketProcessor objects to reduce garbage collection. The integer value specifies how many objects to keep in the cache at most. The default is `500`. Other values are `-1` for unlimited cache and `0` for no cache.

#### APR/native specific configuration

Note: The APR/Native AJP Connector is deprecated and will be removed in Tomcat 10.1.x onwards.

The APR/native implementation supports the following attributes in addition to the common Connector and AJP attributes listed above.

Attribute | Description
--- | ---
`ipv6v6only` | If listening on an IPv6 address on a dual stack system, should the connector only listen on the IPv6 address? If not specified the default is `false` and the connector will listen on the IPv6 address and the equivalent IPv4 address if present.
`pollTime` | Duration of a poll call in microseconds. Lowering this value will slightly decrease latency of connections being kept alive in some cases , but will use more CPU as more poll calls are being made. The default value is 2000 (2ms).

### Nested Components

None at this time.

### Special Features

#### Proxy Support

The `proxyName` and `proxyPort` attributes can be used when Tomcat is run behind a proxy server. These attributes modify the values returned to web applications that call the `request.getServerName()` and `request.getServerPort()` methods, which are often used to construct absolute URLs for redirects. Without configuring these attributes, the values returned would reflect the server name and port on which the connection from the proxy server was received, rather than the server name and port to whom the client directed the original request.

For more information, see the Proxy Support How-To.

#### Connector Comparison

Below is a small chart that shows how the connectors differ.

| Java Nio Connector NIO | Java Nio2 Connector NIO2 | APR/native Connector APR (deprecated)
--- | --- | --- | ---
Classname | `AjpNioProtocol` | `AjpNio2Protocol` | `AjpAprProtocol`
Tomcat Version | 7.x onwards | 8.x onwards | 5.5.x onwards
Support Polling | YES | YES | YES
Polling Size | `maxConnections` | `maxConnections` | `maxConnections`
Read Request Headers | Blocking | Blocking | Blocking
Read Request Body | Blocking | Blocking | Blocking
Write Response Headers and Body | Blocking | Blocking | Blocking
Wait for next Request | Non Blocking | Non Blocking | Non Blocking
Max Connections | `maxConnections` | `maxConnections` | `maxConnections`